Monday, December 29, 2014

Fundamentals of Accounting Part 1 (Based on CMO3 S2007 Revised Syllabus)

Important:  As part of my research re accounting topics... found out that there's a revised syllabus on Fundamentals of Accounting-Part 1 which should be taught to BSA students beginning SY2007 and onwards (or until further issuance of new CMO) ... 

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                                                     Republic of the Philippines
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION


CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER (CMO)
No. 3
Series 2007

Below is an excerpt from ANNEX A – SUGGESTED DESCRIPTIONS, COURSE OUTLINES, AND REFERENCES of CMO No. 3 Series 2007 pertaining to the Syllabus of Fundamentals of Accounting, Part 1.



Course Title        :               Fundamentals of Accounting, Part I

Credit                    :               Six (6) units

Prerequisite        :               (None)


Course Description:

This course provides and introduction to accounting, within the context of business and business decisions.  Students obtain basic understanding of the principles and concepts of accounting as well as their applicability and relevance in the national context and learn how to use various types of accounting information found in financial statements and annual reports.  Emphasis is placed on understanding the reasons underlying basic accounting concepts and providing students with an adequate background on the recording, classification, and summarization functions of accounting to enable them to appreciate the varied uses of accounting data.


Course Outline:

1.1          Definition, purpose, nature, functions, scope and objectives of accounting
1.2          Different branches of accounting ( financial, managerial, etc)
1.3          The classical notion of stewardship
1.4          Users of accounting information (internal vs external users)
1.5          Double entry bookkeeping
1.6          History of accounting
1.6.1           The Florentine vs the Venetian approach to reporting
1.6.2           Savory and the Napoleonic Commercial Code
1.6.3           The industrial revolution and the share-issuing company
1.6.4           The arrival of income taxation and the conflict with financial accounting
1.6.5           Schmalenbach and the charts of accounts
1.6.6           The rise of the group of companies and the need for consolidated accounts
1.6.7           Internalization of markets and reporting
1.7          Accounting variations among countries
1.7.1     Why practices differ from one country to another even though the same set of basic principles is followed
1.7.2      The linkage of tax laws and accounting principles requirements for enterprises in certain countries
1.7.3           Differences in the degree of development of the capital markets in countries and their effect on the development and use of generally accepted international principles of accounting
1.8          Basic Professional values and ethics
1.8.1           Reputation
1.8.2           Integrity and due care
1.8.3           Competence
1.8.4           Objectivity
1.8.5           Client relations and confidentiality
1.8.6           Reporting breaches of conduct
1.8.7           Unlawful activities
1.8.8           Fees and remuneration
1.8.9           Publicity and advertising
1.8.10       Disciplinary procedures
1.9          Forms of business organization and their activities (e.g. financing, investing and operating)
1.10      Accounting concepts and principles
1.11      The basic financial statements of business organizations
1.12      Relationships among the financial statements
1.13    Definition, classification and examples of assets, liabilities, capital or owner’s equity, income, and expenses.
1.14      The accounting profession: career opportunities
1.15  Specialized accounting fields (public accounting, private accounting, government accounting, accounting education)

2.1          Features of an effective information system
2.2          Overview of an accounting information system
2.3     The three stages of data processing :  A comparison of computerized and manual accounting system

3.1          Definitions of business transactions and source documents
3.2          Summary of business activities (financing, investing, operating)
3.3          The accounting equation
3.4          Analyzing and accounting for business transactions
3.5      Presentation of results of routine transactions by preparing the Basic Income Statement, Owner’s Equity Statement, Balance Sheet, and Statement of Cash Flows

4.1      Double-entry accounting and accounting systems:  Florentine vs Venetian approach to reporting, Savory and Napoleonic Commercial code, and Schmalenback
4.2          The account and T-account
4.3          Rules of debit and credit
4.4          Chart of accounts and normal balances of an account
4.5      Recording in two-column journal (initial investment by owner, changes in assets, liabilities and capital, changes in income and expenses, withdrawals of owners)
4.6          Posting to the ledger
4.7          Preparing the trial balance

5.1          Accrual-basis accounting vs Cash-basis accounting
5.2          Accounting period
5.3          Revenue principle
5.4          Matching principle
5.5          Time period concept
5.6          Overview of the adjusting process
5.7          Adjustments for prepayments (deferrals), accruals, uncollectible accounts receivable, depreciation of property, plant and equipment
5.8          Preparation of the adjusted trial balance and financial statements
5.9          Use of accounting information for decision making  

6.1          Overview of the accounting cycle               
6.2          Preparing an accounting worksheet
6.3          Using the worksheet
6.4     Preparing financial statements form the worksheet (income statement, owner’s equity statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement (simple cash receipts and disbursements statement)
6.5          Journalizing and posting adjusting entries
6.6          Journalizing and posting closing entries
6.7          Preparing the post-closing trial balance
6.8          Preparing the reversing entries

7.1    Merchandising operations (nature and operating cycle of a merchandising business, business documents)
7.2      Recording merchandising business transactions in a two-column general journal (sales revenue, sales returns and allowances, sales discounts, purchases of merchandise, purchase returns and allowances, purchase discounts, transportation costs)
7.3          Inventory systems (perpetual and periodic inventory procedures)
7.4          Determination of merchandise inventory, costs of goods sold and gross margin
7.5          Worksheet preparation
7.6          Adjusting and closing process for a merchandising business
7.7          Financial statements of a merchandising business
7.8          Use of accounting information in decision making  

8.1          Nature and use of control accounts and subsidiary ledgers
8.2   Types of Special Journals (sales journal, purchases journal, cash receipts journal, cash disbursements journal)
8.3      Recording of financing, investing and operating transactions in the special journals and general journal
   
9.1          Nature of manufacturing business
9.2          Transactions related to the manufacturing process
9.3          Elements of manufacturing costs
9.4         Preparation of financial statements of a manufacturing enterprise (balance sheet, income statement, statement of cost of goods manufactured and sold) 

Sunday, December 28, 2014

CORE COMPETENCIES FOR BOOKKEEPING

CORE COMPETENCIES FOR BOOKKEEPING
(Based on the Bookkeeping Course NC III of TESDA)


  • JOURNALIZE TRANSACTIONS (Unit Code: HCS412301)
  • POST TRANSACTIONS (Unit Code: HCS412302)
  • PREPARE TRIAL BALANCE (Unit Code: HCS412303) 
  • PREPARE FINANCIAL REPORTS (Unit Code: HCS412304)

Note: Discussion-articles here for Core Bookkeeping will be limited only to topics related to Financial Accounting and Reporting.  Topics for Basic and Common Competencies are not touched here. 

 To understand and learn the above topics, please click and read the topics below:

a) Relationship among Financial Statements
b) Accounting Processes and Accounting Cycle
c) Financial Accounting and Bookkeeping
d) Introduction to Record-Keeping or Bookkeeping
 
Note:  This is applicable to Philippine Setting

Saturday, December 27, 2014

Introduction to Accounting

Though there's already a suggested outline for the Introduction to Accounting as enumerated in the revised syllabus issued thru CMO3 S2007, still, I regrouped the topics according to similar concepts and subjects.

To read,  click the topics / subjects and you will be redirected to the researched lectures and notes accordingly.

INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING 


Part 1 – Basic Concepts  

Part 2 – The Accounting Profession

Part 3 – Business organizations and their activities, and users of Accounting Information

Part 4 – Basic Financial Accounting Concepts 


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For tutorials, training and consulting services regarding your business or personal finance, contact :


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eMail:
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Tuesday, December 2, 2014

Philippine Accountancy Act of 2004

RULE I

TITLE, DECLARATION OF POLICY, OBJECTIVE
AND SCOPE OF PRACTICE
SECTION 1 - Short Title
This Rules and Regulations shall be known as THE RULES AND REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9298 otherwise known as the “PHILIPPINE ACCOUNTANCY ACT OF 2004”.


click here to read more

Source: PRC-BOA

Monday, November 10, 2014

The Chart Of Accounts

Chart Of Accounts

Each accounting element comprises of several accounts. These accounts are the name or title assigned to the varied forms of values received and parted with.  In order to have one name for each similar values of one item only, an account title or account name is given--this is to maintain the uniformity of account name being used for similar values with the same character or quality.

So, companies usually maintain a listing of account names or account title for each accounting element.  Such listing is called Chart Of Accounts.  In this chart, each account is arranged according to accounting element and usually arranged in financial statement format which normally starts with assets, then followed by liabilities, then capital or equity then revenues then expenses. Note that accounts must be in alignment with the nature of the business.  Meaning, we do not say sales when the revenue source is service or rental but we say service income or rental income.

Every account under each accounting element is assigned an account number.  For sole proprietorship business, account numbers are simply coded meaning only few numbers are assigned unlike partnership and corporation where accounts numbers are sometimes more than 10-digits.  Normally, for sole proprietorship, assets are assigned with numbers 1 and 2, liabilities with 3 and 4, capital with 5, revenues with 6 and 7, and expenses with 8 and 9.

Below is a sample of Chart Of Accounts:




Note: When journalizing and posting entries always refer to chart of accounts in order to ensure which account title to debit or credit. 


















Sunday, January 5, 2014

DTI Business Name Certification Sample

Here's a sample of DTI Business Name Certification.

Disclaimer: The business name, the proprietor's name and address appearing in the document are not true information.   


Saturday, January 4, 2014

Nature of a Merchandising Business

Merchandising Business

Merchandising Business is a business engaged in a buying and selling of goods or products.  Also, "trading" and "retailing" describes a merchandising business.

The primary product of this business is the "merchandise" items it sells.  Meaning, there's a presence of physical products which are being purchased and sold.

This business in order to earn, the entity buys goods and adds markup or profit to the cost of goods then sells them to the customers.


Operating Cycle of a Merchandising Business






Friday, January 3, 2014

Nature of a Manufacturing Business

Manufacturing Business

This business buys raw materials then converts them into finished goods then sells them to customers at a selling price.

The primary product for this business is the goods they produce or manufacture.


Operating Cycle of a Manufacturing Business